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Hydrogen induced wear: hydrogen is released during the friction due to mechanical and chemical action. Hydrogen diffuses into the deformed layer of metal surface, causing a large number of crack sources in the deformed layer. The generation and development of cracks make the surface material fall off, which is called hydrogen-induced wear. Oxygen may come from material itself or environmental medium, such as lubricating oil and water.

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    • By shelitaauto
      URL: 
      link hidden, please login to view Source: Gasgoo
      As part of the EU’s 1.4 billion euro ($1.52 billion) state aid package, BMW is the only car manufacturer to receive EU funding for a hydrogen project.
      Other companies that have received funding include tire maker Michelin Group and aircraft manufacturing and development company Airbus. The European Commission said on May 28 that the initial funding is expected to unlock an additional 3.3 billion euros in private investment.
      The Hy2Move program is the fourth round of funding related to hydrogen energy and focuses on mobility. The hydrogen energy initiative has been declared one of the key projects of common European interest and is expected to play an important role in the EU’s 2050 carbon neutrality goal. Other important projects of common European interest include semiconductors and batteries for electric vehicles.
      Details of BMW’s project and the amount of funding will be announced shortly after the scheme receives final approval and restrictions on publication of trade secrets are lifted, the commission said. BMW is one of the few companies to support hydrogen fuel cell technology and has launched a pilot fleet of hydrogen-powered X5 SUVs.

      Image source: BMW
      The iX5 features a hybrid battery/fuel cell drivetrain with a total output of 401 HP (295 kW). Two 700-bar carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic hydrogen storage tanks can hold about 6 kilograms of hydrogen and travel 504 kilometers (303 miles) in WLTP conditions. For now, BMW has yet to commit to mass production of the iX5.
      Other automakers backing hydrogen include Toyota, Renault, Hyundai and Honda. Toyota makes the Mirai fuel cell sedan, and Renault says hydrogen can power the internal combustion engine in its Alpine range of sports cars.
      The “Hy2Move” project will be co-funded by Estonia, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Slovakia and Spain.
      A total of 11 companies plan to participate in 13 programs. The European Commission says it expects to create 3,300 jobs by 2031.
    • By NAPA
      Your engine’s
      link hidden, please login to view is probably not something you check on very often. If it is working then your vehicle will run, the battery will charge, the power steering works, and the engine stays cool. But if that belt were to break you will likely be stuck on the side of the road waiting for a tow truck. That’s why it is important to learn the signs of a bad serpentine belt before it fails. Cracking
      One of the common signs of bad serpentine belt condition is cracking. With the engine turned off, pop the hood and grab a flashlight to inspect the serpentine belt. If you see more than three cracks in the belt along the same three inch section, it is time for replacement. Be aware though that some modern serpentine belts are made from materials like EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer). These materials are highly resistant to cracking, so a belt that is well past its prime may still look good with no cracking, so it is best to keep checking for other wear indicators if you suspect a worn belt.
      Squealing
      A belt that is no longer able to grip the engine pulleys may begin to squeal as it slides over them rather than spinning them. This leans to even more accelerated wear of the belt as well as putting heat into the belt via friction. Even if the squealing goes away, don’t ignore it. Normal serpentine belt operation should be nearly silent.
      A
      link hidden, please login to view can also cause the serpentine belt to slip so be sure to check it or else your new serpentine belt may have a short service life. If the belt is chirping like a bird the problem might be one or more accessory pulleys are out of alignment. Not only is this annoying but it will also cause the serpentine belt to wear out faster or even cause the belt to come off.
      
      Worn Out
      Modern serpentine belts are actually pretty well engineered to resist physical damage. But just because a belt isn’t cracked or falling apart doesn’t mean it is still good. Just like a car tire the surface material on a belt can wear down. When this happens the ribs on the belt lose their original tight tolerances, and therefore their grip on the engine pulleys. The belt may still fit fine on the pulleys, but it won’t be fully contacting the pulley. The belt may actually end up riding on just the pulley ridges which makes for a tiny contact patch.
      Mileage
      Even the best serpentine belt doesn’t last forever. If you have been inspecting your serpentine  belt regularly and it still looks fine, you should still replace it every 90,000 regardless. Even without any of the signs of worn serpentine belt life racking up that much mileage means it is time for the belt to move on. If you can’t remember when you change your serpentine belt, it is probably time.
      Electrical Gremlins
      One of the lesser known signs of bad serpentine belt condition is an electrical system that starts to act up. Modern vehicles are chock full of computers, modules, sensors and more components that rely on certain conditions to remain constant, like voltage. If the serpentine belt is worn to the point where it no longer spins the alternator consistently there could be variation in alternator output. You may even get a check engine light for random systems issues. If you are pulling your hair out chasing electrical issues, check the alternator output for consistency. If it is jumping all over the place a worn serpentine belt may be the issue.
      Not So Cold AC
      Another one of the not so common signs of a worn serpentine belt can be a weak AC system. Your air conditioning compressor takes a bit of engine power to turn. You’ve probably noticed that in a car with a small engine turning off the AC feels like it gives you a bit of a power boost. If the serpentine belt can’t grip the AC compressor clutch, it also can spin it to compress the refrigerant back into a liquid to cool you off. You might hear a squealing sound when the AC compressor cycles on, but don’t rely on sound as the only symptom. If your AC isn’t blowing as cold as you remember and you can’t remember when you changed the serpentine belt, it is probably time for a belt replacement. 
      Diagnosing a worn out serpentine belt isn’t as easy as it used to be, but the signs are all there if you are paying attention. Luckily serpentine belts are usually affordable and
      link hidden, please login to view, so when the time comes there’s no excuse to put it off. Check out all the
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    • By Erica Zhu Feilong Jiangli
      The phenomenon of loss of metal in the relative movement of parts is known as the wear of parts. The occurrence of wear will cause changes in the shape, size and surface properties of the parts, which will gradually reduce the working performance of the parts. Wear is sometimes beneficial, such as running-in. According to different friction principles, wear can be divided into abrasive wear, adhesive wear, fatigue wear and corrosion wear.
      Corrosion wear:
      The abrasion on the friction surface of parts caused by chemical or electrochemical reaction due to the action of external medium is called corrosive wear. Corrosion wear is divided into oxidation corrosion wear, chemical corrosion wear and fretting wear.
      Chemical corrosion wear:
      The abrasion caused by chemical reaction directly between the metal and the external medium is called chemical corrosive wear. When a part is working in corrosive gas or liquid environment, a chemical reaction film is formed on the surface of the component. The bonding strength between the reaction film and the base metal is usually low. When the parts move relative to each other, the chemical reaction film will fall off and cause the chemical corrosion and wear of the parts.
      Electrochemical corrosion wear:
      The abrasion caused by the electrochemical reaction of metal in the external medium is called electrochemical corrosion wear.
      Fretting wear:
      Fretting wear is called fretting wear, which is caused by alternating load or vibration on the surface of interference fit of parts.
      Cavitation:
      Cavitation erosion is a fatigue exfoliation phenomenon on the surface of a solid moving relative to a liquid due to the local high temperature caused by bubble rupture and high impact pressure.

    • By OReilly Auto Parts
      link hidden, please login to view : watch this video featuring products available on OReilly Auto Parts.
    • By OReilly Auto Parts
      link hidden, please login to view : watch this video featuring products available on OReilly Auto Parts.

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